Washington, DC, February 23, 2024 (PAHO)- On February 26, 2020, Brazil registered the first case of COVID-19 in its territory, marking the beginning of the pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Since its appearance on December 30, 2019 in Wuhan, China, the SARS-CoV-2 virus left a devastating trail worldwide, with 774 million cases and 7 million deaths recorded to date. The Americas were hit hard, accounting for 25% of all cases and 43% of all deaths, making it the region with the highest number of COVID-19 deaths worldwide.
Over time, the virus has changed and evolved, becoming more transmissible but less lethal. In May last year, the WHO declared the end of COVID-19 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, but infections continue to occur, with more than half a million cases reported worldwide in the last month.
On the fourth anniversary of the arrival of SARS-CoV-2 in the region, we spoke with virologist Jairo Méndez, regional advisor on viral diseases of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), about what we have learned about the virus that causes COVID. -19.
Four years after the arrival of COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean, what have we learned about this virus?
The pandemic left a profound impact at a global and regional level, the dimensions of which we still fully understand. A fundamental lesson is the importance of collaboration and solidarity between countries to face crises of this magnitude. We recognized the gaps in our preparation and the need to strengthen our capabilities. We learned to trust science, which allowed us to develop safe and effective vaccines in record time. However, we have also realized that the virus is very adaptable and can change rapidly, requiring us to closely monitor its evolution and explore possible natural reservoirs. Surveillance networks led by PAHO have been established to monitor the presence of new coronaviruses. While vaccines remain effective, we must remain alert to any changes in the virus and continue to learn about it every day to protect public health.
What information do we have today about the different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and their evolution?
Several variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have been identified since its emergence, starting with Alpha in late 2020, followed by Gamma and Delta, which had a significant impact on public health. Subsequently, at the end of 2021, Omicron emerged, classified as a variant of concern due to its rapid spread. Although the virus has continued to evolve, no significant increase in the severity or mortality of the variant has been detected. Although several variants, such as JN.1, are currently being monitored, so far none have characteristics that make them more aggressive or lethal.
What were the main challenges to control the virus in the region?
The challenges were numerous and significant. Firstly, the initial lack of understanding about the virus and how to deal with it was overwhelming. We did not have the necessary tools to detect and diagnose it effectively. Then, the rapid change of the virus and the emergence of variants posed additional challenges for tracking and control. However, despite this, progress has been made in the integration of epidemiological and virological surveillance systems, which allow us to detect and respond more effectively to future threats.
What aspects would you highlight as achievements in the surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2?
As a region, there were several aspects that we managed effectively. For example, in a very short time we established a regional network of laboratories capable of rapidly diagnosing the virus, allowing us to respond quickly. Surveillance systems were quickly adapted, taking advantage of previous experience working with influenza.
Can COVID-19 be considered just another flu?
Respiratory viruses, including COVID-19 and influenza, have the potential to cause serious harm, especially in vulnerable populations such as the elderly or those with pre-existing medical conditions. We cannot underestimate the severity of this illness or assume that it is simply a cold. The need to protect ourselves and be vigilant is crucial, as a major outbreak could easily overwhelm health systems. Influenza, commonly called the flu, is not a trivial illness and can have serious consequences, especially for those most at risk. COVID-19 is still present and, although it has become more predictable, we must always be prepared.
What is the probability of another pandemic like COVID-19?
The factors that contribute to the emergence of new viruses and pathogens are still present. While we cannot predict when or how it will occur, we can be better prepared by maintaining constant vigilance and preparation for rapid response. This underlines the importance of the International Health Regulations and transparency in communication between countries to detect and respond to new threats effectively.
What are some of PAHO’s current priorities to strengthen regional preparedness and response to viruses like SARS-COV-2?
PAHO played a crucial role during the pandemic in several areas, for example, supporting respiratory disease surveillance, facilitating the implementation of COVID-19 diagnostic protocols, and debunking false information. Additionally, we develop evidence-based clinical guidelines and support the implementation of vaccination plans. Currently, we are focused on strengthening regional capacity to confront future pandemics, reducing dependence on external inputs, and promoting solidarity between countries to share information and provide mutual support. A lesson learned is that science must guide actions in response to health emergencies, and we hope that confidence in it will grow and that it will do so in the next emergency.
